Delphi xe5 serial communication portable. : Map of Europe, 1595 Early modern Europe is the period of between the end of the and the beginning of the, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century. Historians variously mark the beginning of the with the invention of printing in the 1450s, the in 1453, the end of the in 1487, the beginning of the in Italy in the 1490s, the end of the and subsequent to the Americas in 1492, or the start of the in 1517. The precise dates of its end point also vary and are usually linked with either the start of the in 1789 or with the more vaguely defined beginning of the in late 18th century England. Some of the more notable trends and events of the early modern period included the Reformation and the religious conflicts it provoked (including the and the ), the rise of and modern, widespread. Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Characteristics [ ] The early modern period was characterized by profound changes in many realms of human endeavor. Among the most important include the development of as a formalized practice, increasingly rapid, and the establishment of civic, and the.
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Began to develop in a nascent form, first in the northern such as and and in the cities of the, later in,. The early modern period also saw the rise and dominance of the economic theory of.
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As such, the early modern period is often associated with the decline and eventual disappearance (at least in ) of. The Protestant greatly altered the religious balance of, creating a formidable new opposition to the dominance of the, especially in. The early modern period also witnessed the of the Earth and the establishment of regular European contact with the. The ensuing rise of global systems of international economic, cultural and intellectual exchange played an important role in the development of and represents the earliest phase of. Periodization [ ]. Europe about 1560, as in the 1923 Atlas Regardless of the precise dates used to define its beginning and end points, the early modern period is generally agreed to have comprised the, the, the, and the. As such, historians have attributed a number of fundamental changes to the period, notably the increasingly rapid progress of and, the of, and the diminution of the absolute authority of the as well as the lessening of the influence of all faiths upon national governments.
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Many historians have identified the early modern period as the epoch in which individuals began to think of themselves as belonging to a national polity—a notable break from medieval modes of self-identification, which had been largely based upon (belonging to a universal ), language, or feudal allegiance (belonging to the manor or extended household of a particular or ). The beginning of the early modern period is not clear-cut, but is generally accepted to be in the late 15th century or early 16th century. Significant dates in this transitional phase from medieval to early modern Europe can be noted: • 1450 The invention of the first European printing process by, a device that fundamentally changed the circulation of information. Movable type, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words and which is an invention separate from the printing press, had been invented earlier in. • 1453 by the signalled the end of the; the concluded the. • 1485 The last king of England,, was killed at and the civil wars of aristocratic factions gave way to early modern monarchy, in the person of.
• 1492 The first documented European voyage to the by the explorer; the end of the, with the final expulsion of the from the; the Spanish government. • 1494 French king invaded Italy, drastically altering the status quo and beginning a which would punctuate the. • 1513 First formulation of modern with the publication of 's. • 1517 The begins with nailing his to the door of the church in,. • 1526 gains the crowns of. • 1545 The marks the end of the medieval.
The end date of the early modern period is variously associated with the, which began in Britain in about 1750, or the beginning of the in 1789, which drastically transformed the state of and ushered in the and modern Europe. The role of nobles in the had yielded to the notion of the during the (in fact, this consolidation of power from the land-owning nobles to the titular monarchs was one of the most prominent themes of the Middle Ages). Among the most notable political changes included the abolition of and the crystallization of kingdoms into nation-states. Perhaps even more significantly, with the advent of the, the notion of as a unified political entity was destroyed.
Many kings and rulers used this radical shift in the understanding of the world to further consolidate their sovereignty over their territories. For instance, many of the Germanic states (as well as ) converted to in an attempt to slip out of the grasp of the. The intellectual developments of the period included the creation of the economic theory of and the publication of enduringly influential works of political and social, such as 's (1513) and 's (1515).
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Reformation [ ]. Main article: The Protestant Reformation was a reform-oriented from the initiated by and continued by,, and other early. It is typically dated from 1517, lasting until the end of the (1618-1648) with the in 1648. It was launched on 31 October 1517 by, who posted his criticizing the practice of indulgences to the door of the Castle Church in, Germany, commonly used to post notices to the University community. In was very widely publicized across Europe and caught fire. Luther began by criticizing the sale of, insisting that the had no authority over and that the Catholic doctrine of the had no foundation in the gospel.